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StudyUrolithin A Stabilizes CPT1A to Promote HUWE1-Associated NCOA4 Degradation and Alleviate Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head.Europe PMC · 2026-11-05StudyThe Influence of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on the Outcomes and Tolerability of Colorectal Cancer Therapies.Europe PMC · 2026-11-05StudyNSAID initiation and risk for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving GLP-1 receptor agonists: A retrospective cohort study.Europe PMC · 2026-11-05StudyGLP-1 Receptor Agonists Across the Coronary Disease Continuum in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Ischemic Events, Revascularization, and Stent HealingEurope PMC · 2026-11-05StudyDirect cardiac or systemic? Reexamining the cardiovascular mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.Europe PMC · 2026-11-05StudyMonosynaptic GABAergic Projections from a Subset of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neuromedin S Neurons Suppress Preoptic Area Kisspeptin Neuron Firing in Female Mice.Europe PMC · 2026-11-04StudyIncidence of Barrett's Esophagus Among Adults With Obesity Treated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists.Europe PMC · 2026-11-04StudyFalls, fractures, lean mass and age with GLP-1receptor agonists and tirzepatide: meta-analysis of 162 placebo-controlled trials andage-subgroup data for adults aged 75 years orolderEurope PMC · 2026-11-04StudySemaglutide and Kidney Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Low to Moderate Kidney Risk: A Retrospective Active-Comparator Cohort StudyEurope PMC · 2026-11-04StudyGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetic patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction - real world outcomesEurope PMC · 2026-11-04StudyThe molecular basis of GshT substrate binding reveals how Streptococcus pneumoniae acquires the antioxidant glutathione.Europe PMC · 2026-11-04StudyTirzepatide for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: from apnea-hypopnea index reduction to cardiometabolic risk mitigation-a narrative review.Europe PMC · 2026-11-04StudyGLP-1 and GIP receptor agonism does not directly drive skeletal muscle atrophy or impair myogenesis in primary human myotubes.Europe PMC · 2026-11-04StudyInvestigating GLP-1 sourcing preferences on social media and motivations for use: Survey with choice-based conjoint (CBC) exercise.Europe PMC · 2026-11-04StudyAvailability of age-stratified evidence for GLP1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors: an analysis of European public assessment reports with a focus on older patientsEurope PMC · 2026-11-04
All news (120 items, sources checked 2026-11-08)
Educational research summaries, not medical advice. Study doses and anecdotal proposals are not instructions for personal use.
RESEARCH, WITH ITS LIMITATIONS

Peptide Research Atlas01

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Curated snapshotSource updated Oct 15, 2026
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General research

Lab Testing & COA Interpretation

Lab Testing & COA Interpretation

Reviewed 2026-10-19 · Educational COA review protocol. Method principles are distinguished from unverified vendor and batch claims.

Identity: combine complementary evidence

Intact mass alone cannot distinguish peptides with the same composition but different sequences. LC-MS combines chromatographic separation with mass analysis; tandem MS can add sequence information. Reference-standard HPLC retention-time matching and co-injection support identity, but co-elution can occur between different compounds. Neither observation alone guarantees identity. Evaluate specificity against plausible related compounds; use complementary methods when discrimination is insufficient. A USP <621> citation identifies a chromatography framework, not proof that a particular peptide method is specific or validated.

FDA / ICH Q2(R2), March 2024, sections 3.1–3.3 · FDA Biotechnology Inspection Guide, structural characterization · USP <621> Chromatography — public chapter preview

Purity, quantity and potency are different

A chromatographic area percentage describes detected peaks under the stated method. It does not by itself establish milligrams per vial, total mass purity, or biological potency. Request a calibrated quantitative assay and its reporting basis, including water, counterions and excipients as applicable.

FDA / ICH Q2(R2), March 2024, sections 3.1–3.3

Residual solvent panel

The eight numerical limits below match ICH Q3C(R9). Class 2 values are Option 1 concentrations based on 10 g/day; product-specific exposure assessment can use Option 2. Class 3 solvents generally use 5000 ppm (0.5%) without further justification. Select analytes from the actual manufacturing process; nine analytes are not a universal comprehensive panel. TFA is not assigned a Q3C concentration limit; distinguish free acid from peptide-associated trifluoroacetate and require an appropriate validated method and reporting basis. Absence of a listed limit does not establish harmlessness. Headspace GC-MS is a possible approach, but citing USP <467> alone does not demonstrate method suitability, especially for TFA in a salt matrix.

ICH Q3C solvent reference concentrations
AnalyteClassppm
Acetonitrile2410
Methanol23000
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF)2880
Dichloromethane2600
Diethyl ether35000
Isopropanol (2-propanol)35000
Ethanol35000
Tetrahydrofuran (THF)2720
Trifluoroacetic acid / trifluoroacetateNot listedNot assigned

EMA / ICH Q3C(R9), effective April 29, 2024, sections 3–4

Not detected: request the threshold

Not detected is bounded by the method, matrix and reporting threshold; it does not mean zero. Request analyte-specific LOD, LOQ or reporting limits, units, dilution corrections and validation data. To judge a limit test, the reporting threshold must be adequate for the specification.

FDA / ICH Q2(R2), March 2024, sections 3.1–3.3

Microbiology, elements and drug screens

Sterility and bacterial endotoxins are separate tests. Ask for the sterility method, sample count, incubation and suitability; an endotoxin result needs units, specification and interference controls. Sterility testing is only part of sterility assurance. For ICP-MS, request individual elements and quantitative results with applicable exposure limits. USP <2251> covers screening for undeclared drugs and analogues; its title does not establish a dedicated validated fentanyl test. Request fentanyl analyte scope, method, threshold and sample identifiers. Batch sampling cannot establish that every sale vial was tested.

USP <71> Sterility Tests — public preview · USP <1211> Sterility Assurance — public preview · USP <2251> Screening for Undeclared Drugs and Drug Analogues — public preview · ICH quality guidelines, Q3D(R2) elemental impurities

COA review checklist

Match product, sequence/form, lot and vial label to the report. Verify the report directly with the issuing laboratory. Record report ID, dates, sample submitter, sampling and chain of custody, reference-standard supplier/lot/characterization, methods and validation scope, chromatograms/spectra, numerical results, units, specifications, detection thresholds and authorized signature. A QR code or Verify button helps trace a report; it does not independently establish sample provenance or universal batch quality.

Verification boundaries

General testing principles do not verify a supplier, laboratory or batch. Confirm any batch-specific claim using the original report and its analytical details. Public USP chapter previews establish chapter scope only; full current procedures were not accessible in this review, so no claim of compendial compliance is made.

USP <621> Chromatography — public chapter preview · USP <2251> Screening for Undeclared Drugs and Drug Analogues — public preview

Studies cited by Kimera Chems · 538 papers · Not yet reviewed

Studies cited by Kimera Chems

Bibliographic index of papers cited in Kimera Chems articles. PubMed metadata was retrieved during the October 28 intake; study methods, results and vendor interpretations have not been independently reviewed for this publication. Citation matching is not verification of a claim. Topic groups reflect the citing articles, not confirmed study relevance. No evidence tiers, protocols or dosing recommendations are assigned.

ACE-031 · 16 papers

  1. A single ascending-dose study of muscle regulator ACE-031 in healthy volunteers.
    Muscle Nerve · 2013 Mar · PMID 23169607 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. A validated, sensitive electrophoretic method for the detection of activin receptor type II-Fc fusion proteins in human blood.
    Drug Test Anal · 2018 Mar 2 · PMID 29499588 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. ACE-031, a soluble activin type IIB receptor, increases muscle mass and strength in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).
    PLoS One · 2026 · PMID 41686840 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. ACVR2B/Fc counteracts chemotherapy-induced loss of muscle and bone mass.
    Sci Rep · 2017 Oct 31 · PMID 29089584 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. ActRIIB:ALK4-Fc alleviates muscle dysfunction and comorbidities in murine models of neuromuscular disorders.
    J Clin Invest · 2021 Feb 15 · PMID 33586684 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Co-Administration of Myostatin-Targeting siRNA and ActRIIB-Fc Fusion Protein Increases Masseter Muscle Mass and Fiber Size.
    J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) · 2017 · PMID 28978871 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Combined detection of the ActRII-Fc fusion proteins Sotatercept (ActRIIA-Fc) and Luspatercept (modified ActRIIB-Fc) in serum by means of immunoaffinity purification, tryptic digestion, and LC-MS/MS.
    Drug Test Anal · 2018 Nov · PMID 30285318 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Combined rapamycin and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells-mediated delivery of ACVR2B-Fc fusion protein reduces heterotopic ossification in a mouse model of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
    JBMR Plus · 2025 Jun · PMID 40416557 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Detection of activin receptor type IIA and IIB-Fc fusion proteins by automated capillary immunoassay.
    Drug Test Anal · 2022 Nov · PMID 36200177 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Myostatin inhibitor ACE-031 treatment of ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
    Muscle Nerve · 2017 Apr · PMID 27462804 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. RKER-012, a modified ActRIIB-Fc ligand trap with BMP sparing properties, attenuates pathological features of experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension.
    Front Cardiovasc Med · 2026 · PMID 42422175 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Systemic blockade of ACVR2B ligands attenuates muscle wasting in ischemic heart failure without compromising cardiac function.
    FASEB J · 2020 Aug · PMID 32427381 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. The systemic activin response to pancreatic cancer: implications for effective cancer cachexia therapy.
    J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle · 2019 Oct · PMID 31286691 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Treatment with Soluble Activin Type IIB Receptor Ameliorates Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss and Fat Gain in Mice.
    Calcif Tissue Int · 2022 Apr · PMID 35024891 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. [Anti-myostatin antibody therapy for myopathies].
    Rinsho Shinkeigaku · 2011 Nov · PMID 22277518 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. iMSC-mediated delivery of ACVR2B-Fc fusion protein reduces heterotopic ossification in a mouse model of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
    Stem Cell Res Ther · 2024 Mar 18 · PMID 38500216 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ACE-031: A Decoy Receptor Is Only as Selective as the Receptor It Copies. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

AOD-9604 · 17 papers

  1. AOD-9604 Metabolic.
    Curr Opin Investig Drugs · 2004 Apr · PMID 15134286 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. AOD-9604 does not influence the WADA hGH isoform immunoassay.
    Drug Test Anal · 2013 Nov-Dec · PMID 24124033 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal · 2014 Dec · PMID 24906629 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Current updates in the medical management of obesity.
    Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov · 2012 May · PMID 22435392 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: current status and future directions.
    Expert Rev Proteomics · 2014 Dec · PMID 25382550 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604.
    Drug Test Anal · 2015 Jan · PMID 25208511 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model.
    Ann Clin Lab Sci · 2015 Summer · PMID 26275694 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Human sports drug testing by mass spectrometry.
    Mass Spectrom Rev · 2017 Jan · PMID 26213263 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Identification and characterization of peptide drugs in unknown pharmaceutical preparations seized by the Belgian authorities: case report on AOD9604.
    Drug Test Anal · 2014 Sep · PMID 24976118 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment.
    Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord · 2001 Oct · PMID 11673763 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone.
    Horm Res · 2000 · PMID 11146367 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Obesity drugs in clinical development.
    Curr Opin Investig Drugs · 2006 Apr · PMID 16625817 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Potential role of new therapies in modifying cardiovascular risk in overweight patients with metabolic risk factors.
    Obesity (Silver Spring) · 2006 Jun · PMID 16931496 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Rapid and harmonized analytical workflow for the determination of peptidic and non-peptidic doping agents in dried and liquid blood matrices.
    Analyst · 2026 Jul 27 · PMID 42328738 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.
    Sports Med · 2026 Aug · PMID 41966639 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice.
    Endocrinology · 2001 Dec · PMID 11713213 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.
    J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev · 2026 Jan 1 · PMID 41490200 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in AOD-9604: The Fragment That Is Not 176-191. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

ARA-290 · 13 papers

  1. A Phase 2 Clinical Trial on the Use of Cibinetide for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema.
    J Clin Med · 2020 Jul 14 · PMID 32674280 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. A small erythropoietin derived non-hematopoietic peptide reduces cardiac inflammation, attenuates age associated declines in heart function and prolongs healthspan.
    Front Cardiovasc Med · 2022 · PMID 36741836 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. ARA 290 relieves pathophysiological pain by targeting TRPV1 channel: Integration between immune system and nociception.
    Peptides · 2016 Feb · PMID 26774587 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. ARA 290, a nonerythropoietic peptide engineered from erythropoietin, improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes.
    Mol Med · 2015 Mar 13 · PMID 25387363 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Cibinetide Improves Corneal Nerve Fiber Abundance in Patients With Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Nerve Fiber Loss and Neuropathic Pain.
    Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · 2017 May 1 · PMID 28475703 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Cibinetide Protects Isolated Human Islets in a Stressful Environment and Improves Engraftment in the Perspective of Intra Portal Islet Transplantation.
    Cell Transplant · 2021 Jan-Dec · PMID 34498509 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Erythropoietin Mimetic Peptide (pHBSP) Corrects Endothelial Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2020 Sep 15 · PMID 32942669 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Erythropoietin-derived peptide ARA290 mediates brain tissue protection through the β-common receptor in mice with cerebral ischemic stroke.
    CNS Neurosci Ther · 2024 Mar · PMID 38488446 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Non-erythropoietic erythropoietin-derived peptide protects mice from systemic lupus erythematosus.
    J Cell Mol Med · 2018 Jul · PMID 29570934 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Targeting the innate repair receptor axis via erythropoietin or pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide attenuates hemolytic-uremic syndrome in mice.
    Front Immunol · 2022 · PMID 36211426 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. The Non-Erythropoietic EPO Analogue Cibinetide Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro and Increases Bone Mineral Density in Mice.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2021 Dec 21 · PMID 35008482 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. The protective effect of erythropoietin and its novel derived peptides in peripheral nerve injury.
    Int Immunopharmacol · 2024 Sep 10 · PMID 38943972 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. The vasoreparative potential of endothelial colony-forming cells in the ischemic retina is enhanced by cibinetide, a non-hematopoietic erythropoietin mimetic.
    Exp Eye Res · 2019 May · PMID 30876881 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in ARA-290: Erythropoietin With the Erythropoiesis Engineered Out. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

BPC-157 · 1 papers

  1. Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing.
    J Physiol Pharmacol · 2009 Dec · PMID 20388964 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in BPC-157: The Gastric Pentadecapeptide at the Center of Tissue-Repair Research. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

CJC-1295 · 12 papers

  1. A method for confirming CJC-1295 abuse in equine plasma samples by LC-MS/MS.
    Drug Test Anal · 2019 Aug · PMID 30938069 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects.
    Growth Horm IGF Res · 2009 Dec · PMID 19386527 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Advances in the detection of growth hormone releasing hormone synthetic analogs.
    Drug Test Anal · 2021 Nov · PMID 34665524 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Development of growth hormone secretagogues.
    Endocr Rev · 2005 May · PMID 15814848 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog.
    Endocrinology · 2005 Jul · PMID 15817669 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Immunoaffinity purification of peptide hormones prior to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in doping controls.
    Methods · 2012 Feb · PMID 21871962 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Metabolism of mouse growth hormone-releasing factor, mGRF(1-42)OH, and selected analogs from the bovine GRF series in mouse and bovine plasma in vitro.
    Pept Res · 1994 May-Jun · PMID 7915920 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Netnography of Female Use of the Synthetic Growth Hormone CJC-1295: Pulses and Potions.
    Subst Use Misuse · 2016 Jan 2 · PMID 26771670 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  9. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse.
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab · 2006 Dec · PMID 16822960 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2006 Mar · PMID 16352683 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2006 Dec · PMID 17018654 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. The Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Analogue, Tesamorelin, Decreases Muscle Fat and Increases Muscle Area in Adults with HIV.
    J Frailty Aging · 2019 · PMID 31237318 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in CJC-1295: DAC, No-DAC, and Albumin Conjugation. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Cerebrolysin · 17 papers

  1. C-REGS2-A multinational, high-quality comparative effectiveness study of Cerebrolysin in moderate acute ischemic stroke.
    Int J Stroke · 2025 Oct · PMID 40851188 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Cerebrolysin Ameliorates Focal Cerebral Ischemia Injury Through Neuroinflammatory Inhibition via CREB/PGC-1α Pathway.
    Front Pharmacol · 2019 · PMID 31695614 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Cerebrolysin after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: prospective meta-analysis of the CAPTAIN trial series.
    Neurol Sci · 2021 Nov · PMID 33620612 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Cerebrolysin and Recovery After Stroke (CARS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial.
    Stroke · 2016 Jan · PMID 26564102 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev · 2023 Oct 11 · PMID 37818733 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev · 2013 Jan 31 · PMID 23440834 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev · 2019 Nov 11 · PMID 31710397 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Cerebrolysin in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Asia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial.
    Stroke · 2012 Mar · PMID 22282884 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Effects of Cerebrolysin on neurogenesis in an APP transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease.
    Acta Neuropathol · 2007 Mar · PMID 17131129 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Efficacy and safety of cerebrolysin in neurorecovery after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: results from the CAPTAIN II trial.
    Neurol Sci · 2020 May · PMID 31897941 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Neurofibrillary and neurodegenerative pathology in APP-transgenic mice injected with AAV2-mutant TAU: neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin.
    Acta Neuropathol · 2009 Jun · PMID 19252918 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Neuroprotective effects of regulators of the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta signaling pathway in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease are associated with reduced amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation.
    J Neurosci · 2007 Feb 21 · PMID 17314294 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Peptide profiling of Internet-obtained Cerebrolysin using high performance liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization ion trap and ultra high performance liquid chromatography - ion mobility - quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.
    Drug Test Anal · 2015 Sep · PMID 26017115 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Safety and Efficacy of Cerebrolysin for Neurorecovery After Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 14 Randomized Controlled Trials.
    Cureus · 2025 Aug · PMID 41018475 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Safety and efficacy of Cerebrolysin in acute brain injury and neurorecovery: CAPTAIN I-a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, Asian-Pacific trial.
    Neurol Sci · 2020 Feb · PMID 31494820 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. Safety and efficacy of Cerebrolysin in motor function recovery after stroke: a meta-analysis of the CARS trials.
    Neurol Sci · 2017 Oct · PMID 28707130 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. Safety of Cerebrolysin for Neurorecovery after Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Twelve Randomized-Controlled Trials.
    Pharmaceuticals (Basel) · 2021 Dec 13 · PMID 34959697 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Cerebrolysin: What Is Actually in the Vial, and What the Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

DSIP · 17 papers

  1. A naturally occurring delta-EEG enhancing nonapeptide in rabbits. X. Final isolation, characterization and activity test.
    Pflugers Arch · 1977 Jun 8 · PMID 560681 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Biochemical regulation of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep.
    Front Biosci · 2003 May 1 · PMID 12700031 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  3. Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram (-sleep)-inducing peptide.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 1977 Mar · PMID 265572 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. DSIP-Like KND Peptide Reduces Brain Infarction in C57Bl/6 and Reduces Myocardial Infarction in SD Rats When Administered during Reperfusion.
    Biomedicines · 2021 Apr 9 · PMID 33918965 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide Recovers Motor Function in SD Rats after Focal Stroke.
    Molecules · 2021 Aug 26 · PMID 34500605 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle.
    J Neurochem · 2006 Apr · PMID 16539679 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Delta sleep-inducing peptide administration does not influence growth hormone and prolactin secretion in normal women.
    Psychoneuroendocrinology · 1993 · PMID 8475226 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Dizocilpine and cycloheximide prevent inhibition of c-Fos gene expression by delta sleep-inducing peptide in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats with different resistance to emotional stress.
    Neurosci Lett · 2012 Jan 11 · PMID 22094385 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide on NMDA-induced convulsive activity in rats.
    Neurosci Behav Physiol · 1998 Nov-Dec · PMID 9850965 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Phosphorylated delta sleep inducing peptide restores spatial memory and p-CREB expression by improving sleep architecture at high altitude.
    Life Sci · 2018 Sep 15 · PMID 30107169 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Pichia pastoris secreted peptides crossing the blood-brain barrier and DSIP fusion peptide efficacy in PCPA-induced insomnia mouse models.
    Front Pharmacol · 2024 · PMID 39444618 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Production and immunohistochemical application of monoclonal antibodies against delta sleep-inducing peptide.
    J Chem Neuroanat · 1992 Nov-Dec · PMID 1476667 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. The delta EEG (sleep)-inducing peptide (DSIP). XI. Amino-acid analysis, sequence, synthesis and activity of the nonapeptide.
    Pflugers Arch · 1978 Sep 6 · PMID 568769 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. The delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP). Comparative properties of the original and synthetic nonapeptide.
    Experientia · 1977 Apr 15 · PMID 862769 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Transport of the synthetic peptide DSIP through the blood-brain barrier in rabbit.
    Experientia · 1977 Dec 15 · PMID 590449 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. [DSIP: the sleep peptide or an unknown hypothalamic hormone?].
    Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol · 1994 Mar-Apr · PMID 7817664 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. [Endogenous anticonvulsants: neuropeptide Y and delta sleep inducing peptide].
    Med Pregl · 2008 May-Jun · PMID 19102071 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in DSIP: A Peptide Named After an Effect Nobody Could Pin to It. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Epithalon · 17 papers

  1. AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis: Possible Epigenetic Mechanism.
    Molecules · 2020 Jan 30 · PMID 32019204 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Correction: Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity.
    Biogerontology · 2025 Nov 15 · PMID 41240216 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. DNA double-helix binds regulatory peptides similarly to transcription factors.
    Neuro Endocrinol Lett · 2005 Jun · PMID 15990728 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Effect of regulatory peptides on gene transcription.
    Bull Exp Biol Med · 2003 Sep · PMID 14666197 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  5. Effects of melatonin and epithalamin on the content of protein and lipid peroxidation products in rat cortex and hippocampus under conditions of acute hypoxia.
    Bull Exp Biol Med · 2012 Nov · PMID 23330089 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity.
    Biogerontology · 2025 Sep 4 · PMID 40908429 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Epitalon protects against post-ovulatory aging-related damage of mouse oocytes in vitro.
    Aging (Albany NY) · 2022 Apr 12 · PMID 35413689 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Epitalon-activated telomerase enhance bovine oocyte maturation rate and post-thawed embryo development.
    Life Sci · 2025 Feb 1 · PMID 39788414 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells.
    Bull Exp Biol Med · 2003 Jun · PMID 12937682 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  10. Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2025 Mar 17 · PMID 40141333 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Peptide promotes overcoming of the division limit in human somatic cell.
    Bull Exp Biol Med · 2004 May · PMID 15455129 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  12. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life.
    Neuro Endocrinol Lett · 2003 Jun-Aug · PMID 14523363 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  13. The Antioxidant Tetrapeptide Epitalon Enhances Delayed Wound Healing in an in Vitro Model of Diabetic Retinopathy.
    Stem Cell Rev Rep · 2025 Aug · PMID 40493162 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Therapeutic peptides in gerontology: mechanisms and applications for healthy aging.
    Front Aging · 2026 · PMID 42021992 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. [AEDG peptide regulates human circadian rhythms genes expression during pineal gland accelerated aging.].
    Adv Gerontol · 2020 · PMID 33280326 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. [Effect of epitalon and melatonin on life span and spontaneous carcinogenesis in senescence accelerated mice (SAM)].
    Vopr Onkol · 2005 · PMID 15909815 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. [Pineamin increased pineal melatonin synthesis in elderly people].
    Adv Gerontol · 2017 · PMID 28849889 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Epithalon: A Four-Residue Peptide Carrying a Twenty-Year Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

FOXO4-DRI · 16 papers

  1. Cellular Senescence Contributes to the Progression of Hyperoxic Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol · 2024 Feb · PMID 37874230 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Eliminating Senescent Cells Can Promote Pulmonary Hypertension Development and Progression.
    Circulation · 2023 Feb 21 · PMID 36515093 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. FOXO4 peptide targets myofibroblast ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through ECM-receptor interaction pathway.
    J Cell Mol Med · 2022 Jun · PMID 35510614 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. FOXO4-D-Retro-Inverso targets extracellular matrix production in fibroblasts and ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.
    Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol · 2023 Oct · PMID 37074394 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. FOXO4-DRI alleviates age-related testosterone secretion insufficiency by targeting senescent Leydig cells in aged mice.
    Aging (Albany NY) · 2020 Jan 20 · PMID 31959736 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. FOXO4-DRI improves spermatogenesis in aged mice through reducing senescence-associated secretory phenotype secretion from Leydig cells.
    Exp Gerontol · 2024 Oct 1 · PMID 39025385 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. FOXO4-DRI induces keloid senescent fibroblast apoptosis by promoting nuclear exclusion of upregulated p53-serine 15 phosphorylation.
    Commun Biol · 2025 Feb 24 · PMID 39994346 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. FOXO4-DRI regulates endothelial cell senescence via the P53 signaling pathway.
    Front Bioeng Biotechnol · 2025 · PMID 41625068 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Recent Applications of Retro-Inverso Peptides.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2021 Aug 12 · PMID 34445382 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Rejuvenation by Therapeutic Elimination of Senescent Cells.
    Cell · 2017 Mar 23 · PMID 28340347 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Senolytic Peptide FOXO4-DRI Selectively Removes Senescent Cells From in vitro Expanded Human Chondrocytes.
    Front Bioeng Biotechnol · 2021 · PMID 33996787 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Targeted Apoptosis of Senescent Cells Restores Tissue Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging.
    Cell · 2017 Mar 23 · PMID 28340339 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Targeting Multiple Homeostasis-Maintaining Systems by Ionophore Nigericin Is a Novel Approach for Senolysis.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2022 Nov 17 · PMID 36430735 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Targeting senescence-like fibroblasts radiosensitizes non-small cell lung cancer and reduces radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
    JCI Insight · 2021 Dec 8 · PMID 34877934 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Targeting the FOXO4-p53 axis by retro-inverso peptide senolytic agents: a pharmacological strategy to mitigate brain aging and cognitive decline.
    Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42024235 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. The disordered p53 transactivation domain is the target of FOXO4 and the senolytic compound FOXO4-DRI.
    Nat Commun · 2025 Jul 1 · PMID 40593617 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in FOXO4-DRI: A Peptide Whose Design Is the Whole Point. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

GHK-Cu · 26 papers

  1. A gene expression signature of emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal by the tripeptide GHK.
    Genome Med · 2012 · PMID 22937864 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Are We Ready to Measure Skin Permeation of Modern Antiaging GHK-Cu Tripeptide Encapsulated in Liposomes?
    Molecules · 2025 Jan 1 · PMID 39795193 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. ESR studies of the interaction of copper(II)GHK, histidine, and Ehrlich cells.
    J Inorg Biochem · 1989 Mar · PMID 2542448 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Effect of tripeptide-copper complexes on the process of skin wound healing and on cultured fibroblasts.
    Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther · 1995 Nov-Dec · PMID 8836453 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Effects of copper tripeptide on the growth and expression of growth factors by normal and irradiated fibroblasts.
    Arch Facial Plast Surg · 2005 Jan-Feb · PMID 15655171 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Effects of glycyl-histidyl-lysyl chelated Cu(II) on ferritin dependent lipid peroxidation.
    Adv Exp Med Biol · 1990 · PMID 2244543 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin.
    Arch Facial Plast Surg · 2006 Jul-Aug · PMID 16847171 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on wound healing in an irradiated rat model.
    Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg · 2013 Sep · PMID 23744835 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Efficacy of a Complex of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Glycyl-Histidyl-Lysine Peptide on Hair Growth.
    Ann Dermatol · 2016 Aug · PMID 27489425 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Expression of glycosaminoglycans and small proteoglycans in wounds: modulation by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu(2+).
    J Invest Dermatol · 2000 Dec · PMID 11121126 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Glycyl-histidyl-lysine (GHK) is a quencher of alpha,beta-4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal: a comparison with carnosine. insights into the mechanism of reaction by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, and computational techniques.
    Chem Res Toxicol · 2007 Sep · PMID 17672515 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine prevents copper- and zinc-induced protein aggregation and central nervous system cell death in vitro.
    Metallomics · 2024 May 2 · PMID 38599632 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Growth-modulating plasma tripeptide may function by facilitating copper uptake into cells.
    Nature · 1980 Dec 25 · PMID 7453802 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. In vivo stimulation of connective tissue accumulation by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ in rat experimental wounds.
    J Clin Invest · 1993 Nov · PMID 8227353 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Physicochemical characterization of native glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine tripeptide for wound healing and anti-aging: a preformulation study for dermal delivery.
    Pharm Dev Technol · 2016 Mar · PMID 25384620 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. Protective effects of GHK-Cu in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation pathways.
    Life Sci · 2020 Jan 15 · PMID 31809714 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2018 Jul 7 · PMID 29986520 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  18. Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+.
    FEBS Lett · 1988 Oct 10 · PMID 3169264 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  19. Stimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+.
    Life Sci · 1992 · PMID 1522753 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  20. The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu(2+) tripeptide complex attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis by targeting peroxiredoxin 6.
    Redox Biol · 2024 Sep · PMID 38879894 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  21. The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice.
    Oncotarget · 2016 Sep 6 · PMID 27517151 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  22. The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures.
    Life Sci · 2000 Sep 22 · PMID 11045606 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  23. The use of glycylhistidyllysine in culture systems.
    In Vitro · 1981 Jun · PMID 7021400 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  24. Thermodynamically stable ionic liquid microemulsions pioneer pathways for topical delivery and peptide application.
    Bioact Mater · 2024 Feb · PMID 38026438 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  25. Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective.
    Bioimpacts · 2025 · PMID 39963574 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  26. Tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu (II) transiently improved healing outcome in a rat model of ACL reconstruction.
    J Orthop Res · 2015 Jul · PMID 25731775 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide and What Its Evidence Actually Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

GHRP-2 · 13 papers

  1. Assessment of anterior pituitary reserve capacity based on growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test in the elderly.
    Growth Horm IGF Res · 2023 Aug · PMID 37295337 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Chicken ghrelin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 inhibit food intake of neonatal chicks.
    Eur J Pharmacol · 2002 Oct 18 · PMID 12393062 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Comparison of pituitary-adrenal responsiveness between insulin tolerance test and growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test: a pilot study.
    Peptides · 2010 Apr · PMID 20045717 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Determination of growth hormone secretagogue pralmorelin (GHRP-2) and its metabolite in human urine by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
    Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom · 2010 Jul 30 · PMID 20552695 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Ghrelin receptor agonist, GHRP-2, produces antinociceptive effects at the supraspinal level via the opioid receptor in mice.
    Peptides · 2014 May · PMID 24607724 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 Attenuation of Protein Kinase C-Induced Inflammation in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2016 Aug 19 · PMID 27548147 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2005 Feb · PMID 15699539 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. History to the discovery of ghrelin.
    Methods Enzymol · 2012 · PMID 22975043 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Presence of growth hormone secretagogue receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in human pituitary tumors and rat GH3 cells.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 1998 Feb · PMID 9467586 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone Secretagogues.
    Sex Med Rev · 2018 Jan · PMID 28400207 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. The arginine and GHRP-2 tests as alternatives to the insulin tolerance test for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency in Japanese patients: a comparison.
    Endocr J · 2013 · PMID 23079545 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. The effect of growth hormone releasing peptide-2 on upper gastrointestinal contractile activity and food intake in conscious dogs.
    J Gastroenterol · 2009 · PMID 19271111 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. The growth hormone secretagogue KP-102-induced stimulation of food intake is modified by fasting, restraint stress, and somatostatin in rats.
    Neurosci Lett · 1998 Oct 9 · PMID 9839714 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-2: The Secretagogue That Became a Diagnostic Test. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

GHRP-6 · 13 papers

  1. A stable meta-carborane enables the generation of boron-rich peptide agonists targeting the ghrelin receptor.
    J Pept Sci · 2018 Oct · PMID 30168238 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Analysis of new growth promoting black market products.
    Growth Horm IGF Res · 2018 Aug · PMID 29864719 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Assessment of dose-effect and therapeutic time window in preclinical studies of rhEGF and GHRP-6 coadministration for stroke therapy.
    Neurol Res · 2016 Mar · PMID 26311576 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Atheroprotective and atheroregressive potential of azapeptide derivatives of GHRP-6 as selective CD36 ligands in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
    Atherosclerosis · 2020 Aug · PMID 32721647 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Azapeptide Synthesis Methods for Expanding Side-Chain Diversity for Biomedical Applications.
    Acc Chem Res · 2017 Jul 18 · PMID 28598597 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Fully automated dried blood spot sample preparation enables the detection of lower molecular mass peptide and non-peptide doping agents by means of LC-HRMS.
    Anal Bioanal Chem · 2020 Jun · PMID 32300840 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 Enhances the Healing Process and Improves the Esthetic Outcome of the Wounds.
    Plast Surg Int · 2016 · PMID 27200188 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  8. Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-6 (GHRP-6) Ameliorates Post-Infarct Ventricular Remodeling and Systolic Dysfunction in a Model of Permanent Coronary Ligation.
    Pharmaceuticals (Basel) · 2026 Mar 12 · PMID 41901314 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) prevents doxorubicin-induced myocardial and extra-myocardial damages by activating prosurvival mechanisms.
    Front Pharmacol · 2024 · PMID 38873418 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Long-term treatment with the ghrelin receptor antagonist [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6 does not improve glucose homeostasis in nonobese diabetic MKR mice.
    Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol · 2018 Jan 1 · PMID 28903914 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Mass spectrometric and kinetics characterization of modified species of Growth Hormone Releasing Hexapeptide generated under thermal stress in different pH and buffers.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal · 2021 Feb 5 · PMID 33272786 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Role of epidermal growth factor and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 in acceleration of renal tissue repair after kanamycin overdosing in rats.
    Iran J Kidney Dis · 2014 Sep · PMID 25194405 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  13. Subchronic safety assessment of CIGB-500 in beagle dog after repeated daily dose administration over 28 days.
    Regul Toxicol Pharmacol · 2025 May · PMID 40024561 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in GHRP-6: The Scaffold the Field Builds Its Tools From. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Gonadorelin · 14 papers

  1. A novel heterozygous intron mutation in SEMA7A causing kallmann syndrome in a female.
    Gynecol Endocrinol · 2020 Mar · PMID 31650878 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. AXL/Gas6 signaling mechanisms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
    Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · 2023 · PMID 37396176 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Complete Kisspeptin Receptor Inactivation Does Not Impede Exogenous GnRH-Induced LH Surge in Humans.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2018 Dec 1 · PMID 30124894 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Duration of phasic electrical activity of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator and dynamics of luteinizing hormone pulses in the rhesus monkey.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 1990 Nov · PMID 2236069 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Efficacy and safety of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a multicentre clinical study.
    Ann Transl Med · 2021 Jun · PMID 34277762 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Estradiol and the inhibition of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 1995 Jun 20 · PMID 7597033 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. GH and GnRH-gonadotropin secretion.
    Vitam Horm · 2026 · PMID 41912296 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
    Science · 1978 Nov 10 · PMID 100883 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Magnetic resonance imaging-based adenohypophyseal volume for diagnosing hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation in pre- and at-puberty children.
    Quant Imaging Med Surg · 2026 Feb 1 · PMID 41669417 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. The Efficacy and Safety of Relugolix Compared with Degarelix in Advanced Prostate Cancer Patients: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials.
    Eur Urol Oncol · 2022 Apr · PMID 34301529 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  11. The role of Kisspeptin signaling in Oocyte maturation.
    Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · 2022 · PMID 36072937 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Therapeutic effects of a pulsatile GnRH pump on adult male patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH): a retrospective study.
    Transl Androl Urol · 2025 Jul 30 · PMID 40800099 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. X-linked recessive Kallmann syndrome: A case report.
    World J Clin Cases · 2022 Sep 6 · PMID 36157645 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. [Effectiveness and safety of pulsatile GnRH pump therapy on female patients with IHH].
    Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi · 2015 Nov 10 · PMID 26813133 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Gonadorelin: One Molecule, Two Opposite Effects. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Hexarelin · 12 papers

  1. Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin.
    Drug Test Anal · 2015 Oct · PMID 25869809 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Hexarelin Protects Rodent Pancreatic Β-Cells Function from Cytotoxic Effects of Streptozotocin Involving Mitochondrial Signalling Pathways In Vivo and In Vitro.
    PLoS One · 2016 · PMID 26918825 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Hexarelin attenuates atherosclerosis via inhibiting LOX-1-NF-κB signaling pathway-mediated macrophage ox-LDL uptake in ApoE(-/-) mice.
    Peptides · 2019 Nov · PMID 31386895 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Hexarelin modulates lung mechanics, inflammation, and fibrosis in acute lung injury.
    Drug Target Insights · 2021 Jan-Dec · PMID 34871336 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Hexarelin suppresses high lipid diet and vitamin D3-induced atherosclerosis in the rat.
    Peptides · 2010 Apr · PMID 19931584 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Hexarelin targets neuroinflammatory pathways to preserve cardiac morphology and function in a mouse model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion.
    Biomed Pharmacother · 2020 Jul · PMID 32403043 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Hexarelin, a Growth Hormone Secretagogue, Improves Lipid Metabolic Aberrations in Nonobese Insulin-Resistant Male MKR Mice.
    Endocrinology · 2017 Oct 1 · PMID 28977588 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. In vitro models for metabolic studies of small peptide hormones in sport drug testing.
    J Pept Sci · 2015 Jan · PMID 25469748 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Stimulation of endogenous pulsatile growth hormone secretion by activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor reduces the fat accumulation and improves the insulin sensitivity in obese mice.
    FASEB J · 2021 Jan · PMID 33368660 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. The CD36-PPARγ Pathway in Metabolic Disorders.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2018 May 21 · PMID 29883404 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. The Growth Hormone Secretagogue Hexarelin Protects Rat Cardiomyocytes From in vivo Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Interleukin-1 Signaling Pathway.
    Int Heart J · 2017 Apr 6 · PMID 28321024 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. The cardiovascular action of hexarelin.
    J Geriatr Cardiol · 2014 Sep · PMID 25278975 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Hexarelin: Named for Growth Hormone, Studied for the Heart. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

IGF-1 LR3 · 20 papers

  1. Detection of LongR(3) -IGF-I, Des(1-3)-IGF-I, and R(3) -IGF-I using immunopurification and high resolution mass spectrometry for antidoping purposes.
    Drug Test Anal · 2021 Jul · PMID 33587816 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Effect of constitutive expression of porcine IGFBP-3 on proliferation and differentiation of L6 myogenic cells.
    Domest Anim Endocrinol · 2006 Jul · PMID 16233971 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Effects of insulin and LongR(3) on serum-free Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures expressing two recombinant proteins.
    Biotechnol Prog · 2000 Sep-Oct · PMID 11027158 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factors on proliferation of rat ovarian theca-interstitial cells.
    Biol Reprod · 1997 Apr · PMID 9096870 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I and its analogues on bovine hydrogen peroxide release by neutrophils and blastogenesis by mononuclear cells.
    J Endocrinol · 1993 Nov · PMID 7508487 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 transport in the rat heart.
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab · 2003 Jan · PMID 12485812 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Inhibition of activin-like kinase 4/5 attenuates cancer cachexia associated muscle wasting.
    Sci Rep · 2019 Jul 8 · PMID 31285507 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Inhibition of neuroretinal cell death by insulin-like growth factor-1 and its analogs.
    Mol Vis · 2000 Aug 31 · PMID 10973501 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate production of IGF-binding proteins by ovarian granulosa cells.
    Endocrinology · 1992 Aug · PMID 1379161 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 induces apoptosis in MCF7 breast cancer cells.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun · 1997 Aug 28 · PMID 9299428 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Insulin-like growth factors: putative muscle-derived trophic agents that promote motoneuron survival.
    J Neurobiol · 1993 Dec · PMID 8301266 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Long R3 insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) infusion stimulates organ growth but reduces plasma IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF binding protein concentrations in the guinea pig.
    J Endocrinol · 1995 Aug · PMID 7561636 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Noncoding RNA actions through IGFs and IGF binding proteins in cancer.
    Oncogene · 2022 Jun · PMID 35597813 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Novel recombinant fusion protein analogues of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I indicate the relative importance of IGF-binding protein and receptor binding for enhanced biological potency.
    J Mol Endocrinol · 1992 Jun · PMID 1378742 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I in diabetic rats.
    Drug Metab Dispos · 1997 Nov · PMID 9351911 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. Production and characterization of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and potent analogues of IGF-I, with Gly or Arg substituted for Glu3, following their expression in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins.
    J Mol Endocrinol · 1992 Feb · PMID 1311930 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. Rat milk and dietary long arginine3 insulin-like growth factor I promote intestinal growth of newborn rat pups.
    Pediatr Res · 1998 Oct · PMID 9773839 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  18. Replacement of insulin by LongR3-IGF-1 allows for the differentiation of ES cells into neuroprogenitors and insulin-secreting cells.
    Anal Biochem · 2005 Nov 1 · PMID 16169509 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  19. Synergistic interaction between insulin-like growth factors-I and -II in central regulation of pulsatile growth hormone secretion.
    Endocrinology · 1992 Aug · PMID 1639021 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  20. The IGF axis and programmed cell death.
    Immunol Cell Biol · 1999 Jun · PMID 10361258 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in IGF-1 LR3: What the Analogue Was Built For and What It Shows. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Ipamorelin · 2 papers

  1. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats.
    Growth Horm IGF Res · 1999 Apr · PMID 10373343 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Ipamorelin Receptor Selectivity – Everything You Need to Know About It. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  2. The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats.
    Growth Horm IGF Res · 2001 Oct · PMID 11735244 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Ipamorelin Receptor Selectivity – Everything You Need to Know About It. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

KIMERA-VASC · 6 papers

  1. Choice of cyclodextrin for cellular cholesterol depletion for vascular endothelial cell lipid raft studies: cell membrane alterations, cytoskeletal reorganization and cytotoxicity.
    Indian J Biochem Biophys · 2012 Oct · PMID 23259319 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KIMERA-VASC: A Sulfobutylether Beta-Cyclodextrin and Selectable Peptide Platform for In Vitro Vascular Research. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Cholesterol depletion disrupts caveolae and differentially impairs agonist-induced arterial contraction.
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol · 2002 Aug 1 · PMID 12171786 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KIMERA-VASC: A Sulfobutylether Beta-Cyclodextrin and Selectable Peptide Platform for In Vitro Vascular Research. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Cyclodextrin promotes atherosclerosis regression via macrophage reprogramming.
    Sci Transl Med · 2016 Apr 6 · PMID 27053774 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KIMERA-VASC: A Sulfobutylether Beta-Cyclodextrin and Selectable Peptide Platform for In Vitro Vascular Research. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Effects of Membrane Cholesterol on the Structure and Function of Selected Class A GPCRs─Challenges and Future Perspectives.
    Biochemistry · 2025 Oct 7 · PMID 40779744 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KIMERA-VASC: A Sulfobutylether Beta-Cyclodextrin and Selectable Peptide Platform for In Vitro Vascular Research. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  5. Extraction of cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin perturbs formation of clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles.
    Mol Biol Cell · 1999 Apr · PMID 10198050 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KIMERA-VASC: A Sulfobutylether Beta-Cyclodextrin and Selectable Peptide Platform for In Vitro Vascular Research. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin Impairs the Monocyte-Adhering Ability of Endothelial Cells by Down-Regulating Adhesion Molecules and Caveolae and Reorganizing the Actin Cytoskeleton.
    Biol Pharm Bull · 2016 · PMID 27251506 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KIMERA-VASC: A Sulfobutylether Beta-Cyclodextrin and Selectable Peptide Platform for In Vitro Vascular Research. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

KLOW and GLOW · 14 papers

  1. Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences.
    FASEB J · 2010 Jul · PMID 20179146 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides.
    J Pharmacol Exp Ther · 2003 Aug · PMID 12750433 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
    J Chromatogr A · 2012 Nov 23 · PMID 23084823 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study.
    Jt Dis Relat Surg · 2026 Jul 23 · PMID 42542926 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians.
    Am J Sports Med · 2026 Jan · PMID 41476424 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation.
    Gastroenterology · 2008 Jan · PMID 18061177 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine.
    Am J Sports Med · 2026 Aug 11 · PMID 42578445 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.
    Sports Med · 2026 Aug · PMID 41966639 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing.
    Front Pharmacol · 2021 · PMID 34267654 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling.
    J Biomater Sci Polym Ed · 2008 · PMID 18644225 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: implications for cognitive health.
    Oxid Med Cell Longev · 2012 · PMID 22666519 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Therapeutic Peptides in Aesthetic, Metabolic and Endocrine Conditions: Effects, Safety, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2026 Apr 27 · PMID 42123471 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.
    J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev · 2026 Jan 1 · PMID 41490200 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Therapeutic peptides in gerontology: mechanisms and applications for healthy aging.
    Front Aging · 2026 · PMID 42021992 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KLOW and GLOW: What a Peptide Blend Can Be Evidence For. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

KPV · 13 papers

  1. A KPV-binding double-network hydrogel restores gut mucosal barrier in an inflamed colon.
    Acta Biomater · 2022 Apr 15 · PMID 35245681 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Alpha-melanocyte-related tripeptide, Lys-d-Pro-Val, ameliorates endotoxin-induced nuclear factor kappaB translocation and activation: evidence for involvement of an interleukin-1beta193-195 receptor antagonism in the alveolar epithelium.
    Biochem J · 2001 Apr 1 · PMID 11256945 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
    Endocr Rev · 2008 Aug · PMID 18612139 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. C-terminal amino acids of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are requisite for its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother · 2011 May · PMID 21282427 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Critical role of PepT1 in promoting colitis-associated cancer and therapeutic benefits of the anti-inflammatory PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV in a murine model.
    Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol · 2016 May · PMID 27458604 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides.
    J Pharmacol Exp Ther · 2003 Aug · PMID 12750433 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Effects of the COOH-terminal tripeptide alpha-MSH(11-13) on corneal epithelial wound healing: role of nitric oxide.
    Exp Eye Res · 2006 Dec · PMID 16965771 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Inflammation-triggered self-immolative conjugates enable oral peptide delivery by overcoming gastrointestinal barriers.
    Sci Adv · 2026 Jan 16 · PMID 41533788 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease.
    Inflamm Bowel Dis · 2008 Mar · PMID 18092346 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis.
    Mol Ther · 2017 Jul 5 · PMID 28143741 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation.
    Gastroenterology · 2008 Jan · PMID 18061177 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Single administration of tripeptide α-MSH(11-13) attenuates brain damage by reduced inflammation and apoptosis after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice.
    PLoS One · 2013 · PMID 23940690 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, MSH 11-13 KPV and adrenocorticotropic hormone signalling in human keratinocyte cells.
    J Invest Dermatol · 2004 Apr · PMID 15102092 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in KPV: The alpha-MSH Fragment That Skips the Receptor. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Larazotide · 17 papers

  1. A randomized, double-blind study of larazotide acetate to prevent the activation of celiac disease during gluten challenge.
    Am J Gastroenterol · 2012 Oct · PMID 22825365 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Breaking Down Barriers: How Understanding Celiac Disease Pathogenesis Informed the Development of Novel Treatments.
    Dig Dis Sci · 2019 Jul · PMID 31076989 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Celiac disease: Hope for new treatments beyond a gluten-free diet.
    Clin Nutr · 2024 Jun · PMID 38648685 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  4. Coeliac disease and the intestinal barrier: mechanisms of disruption and strategies for restoration.
    Gut · 2026 Mar 6 · PMID 40579122 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Current pharmacological approaches and potential future therapies for Celiac disease.
    Eur J Pharmacol · 2021 Oct 15 · PMID 34418405 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Effects of larazotide acetate, a tight junction regulator, on the liver and intestinal damage in acute liver failure in rats.
    Hum Exp Toxicol · 2021 Dec · PMID 34791921 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Elucidating the Significance of Zonulin in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Emphasis on Intestinal Barrier Function and Tight Junction Regulation.
    Curr Med Chem · 2025 · PMID 39252622 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Larazotide acetate for persistent symptoms of celiac disease despite a gluten-free diet: a randomized controlled trial.
    Gastroenterology · 2015 Jun · PMID 25683116 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Larazotide acetate for treatment of celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol · 2022 Jan · PMID 34339872 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Larazotide acetate in patients with coeliac disease undergoing a gluten challenge: a randomised placebo-controlled study.
    Aliment Pharmacol Ther · 2013 Jan · PMID 23163616 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Larazotide acetate: a pharmacological peptide approach to tight junction regulation.
    Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol · 2021 Jun 1 · PMID 33881350 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Nondietary Therapies for Celiac Disease.
    Gastroenterol Clin North Am · 2019 Mar · PMID 30711207 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. The Therapeutic use of the Zonulin Inhibitor AT-1001 (Larazotide) for a Variety of Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases.
    Curr Med Chem · 2021 · PMID 33397225 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. The potential utility of tight junction regulation in celiac disease: focus on larazotide acetate.
    Ther Adv Gastroenterol · 2016 Jan · PMID 26770266 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. The safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of single doses of AT-1001 in coeliac disease subjects: a proof of concept study.
    Aliment Pharmacol Ther · 2007 Sep 1 · PMID 17697209 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. The tight junction and the epithelial barrier in coeliac disease.
    Int Rev Cell Mol Biol · 2021 · PMID 33707052 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. Zonulin transgenic mice show altered gut permeability and increased morbidity/mortality in the DSS colitis model.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci · 2017 Jun · PMID 28423466 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Larazotide: Tight Junction Peptide Chemistry. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

MDS-31 (elamipretide) · 14 papers

  1. A mitochondrial therapeutic reverses visual decline in mouse models of diabetes.
    Dis Model Mech · 2015 Jul 1 · PMID 26035391 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Beneficial effects of SS-31 peptide on cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in tafazzin knockdown mice.
    Sci Rep · 2022 Nov 18 · PMID 36400945 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Chronic administration of mitochondrion-targeted peptide SS-31 prevents atherosclerotic development in ApoE knockout mice fed Western diet.
    PLoS One · 2017 · PMID 28961281 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2025 Jan 23 · PMID 39940712 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics.
    Br J Pharmacol · 2014 Apr · PMID 24117165 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Novel cardiolipin therapeutic protects endothelial mitochondria during renal ischemia and mitigates microvascular rarefaction, inflammation, and fibrosis.
    Am J Physiol Renal Physiol · 2014 May 1 · PMID 24553434 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Protection of mitochondria prevents high-fat diet-induced glomerulopathy and proximal tubular injury.
    Kidney Int · 2016 Nov · PMID 27519664 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. SS-31 treatment ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial morphology and defective mitophagy in a murine model of Barth syndrome.
    Sci Rep · 2024 Jun 13 · PMID 38871974 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Serendipity and the discovery of novel compounds that restore mitochondrial plasticity.
    Clin Pharmacol Ther · 2014 Dec · PMID 25188726 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Stealth Peptides Target Cellular Powerhouses to Fight Rare and Common Age-Related Diseases.
    Protein Pept Lett · 2018 · PMID 30381054 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Structure-activity relationships of mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide pharmacological compounds.
    Elife · 2022 Aug 1 · PMID 35913044 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Targeting mitochondrial cardiolipin and the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex to promote electron transport and optimize mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
    Br J Pharmacol · 2014 Apr · PMID 24134698 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. The mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 binds lipid bilayers and modulates surface electrostatics as a key component of its mechanism of action.
    J Biol Chem · 2020 May 22 · PMID 32273339 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin.
    J Am Soc Nephrol · 2013 Jul · PMID 23813215 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MDS-31: The Catalogue Code for Elamipretide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

MID-35 · 13 papers

  1. Activin A more prominently regulates muscle mass in primates than does GDF8.
    Nat Commun · 2017 Apr 28 · PMID 28452368 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Chain-Shortened Myostatin Inhibitory Peptides Improve Grip Strength in Mice.
    ACS Med Chem Lett · 2019 Jun 13 · PMID 31223459 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Characterization and identification of the inhibitory domain of GDF-8 propeptide.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun · 2004 Mar 12 · PMID 14975732 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Combination therapy with anamorelin and a myostatin inhibitor is advantageous for cancer cachexia in a mouse model.
    Cancer Sci · 2022 Oct · PMID 35849084 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Development of Myostatin Inhibitory d-Peptides to Enhance the Potency, Increasing Skeletal Muscle Mass in Mice.
    ACS Med Chem Lett · 2022 Mar 10 · PMID 35300091 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Development of Potent Myostatin Inhibitory Peptides through Hydrophobic Residue-Directed Structural Modification.
    ACS Med Chem Lett · 2017 Jul 13 · PMID 28740611 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Effect of N-Terminal Acylation on the Activity of Myostatin Inhibitory Peptides.
    ChemMedChem · 2016 Apr 19 · PMID 26954624 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Enzymatic Stability of Myostatin Inhibitory 16-mer Peptides.
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) · 2020 · PMID 32475853 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Identification of the minimum peptide from mouse myostatin prodomain for human myostatin inhibition.
    J Med Chem · 2015 Feb 12 · PMID 25569186 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Increasing Skeletal Muscle Mass in Mice by Non-Invasive Intramuscular Delivery of Myostatin Inhibitory Peptide by Iontophoresis.
    Pharmaceuticals (Basel) · 2023 Mar 6 · PMID 36986496 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Myostatin Inhibitory D‑Peptides Induce Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy along with Alteration of Bioactive Sphingolipid Metabolism.
    ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci · 2026 Jun 12 · PMID 42312157 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Peptide-2 from mouse myostatin precursor protein alleviates muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia.
    Cancer Sci · 2020 Aug · PMID 32519375 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Protection of the Prodomain α1-Helix Correlates with Latency in the Transforming Growth Factor-β Family.
    J Mol Biol · 2022 Mar 15 · PMID 34990654 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35: What the Published Evidence Shows, and What It Does Not. Citation warning: vendor title is wrong; DOI identifies this paper.

MID-35 vs FLGR242 · 17 papers

  1. Activin A more prominently regulates muscle mass in primates than does GDF8.
    Nat Commun · 2017 Apr 28 · PMID 28452368 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Albumin binding as a general strategy for improving the pharmacokinetics of proteins.
    J Biol Chem · 2002 Sep 20 · PMID 12119302 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. An engineered human follistatin variant: insights into the pharmacokinetic and pharmocodynamic relationships of a novel molecule with broad therapeutic potential.
    J Pharmacol Exp Ther · 2013 Mar · PMID 23249626 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Biological activity of follistatin isoforms and follistatin-like-3 is dependent on differential cell surface binding and specificity for activin, myostatin, and bone morphogenetic proteins.
    Endocrinology · 2006 Jul · PMID 16627583 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Blockade of ActRIIB signaling triggers muscle fatigability and metabolic myopathy.
    Mol Ther · 2014 Aug · PMID 24861054 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Combination therapy with anamorelin and a myostatin inhibitor is advantageous for cancer cachexia in a mouse model.
    Cancer Sci · 2022 Oct · PMID 35849084 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Development of Myostatin Inhibitory d-Peptides to Enhance the Potency, Increasing Skeletal Muscle Mass in Mice.
    ACS Med Chem Lett · 2022 Mar 10 · PMID 35300091 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Downregulation of myostatin pathway in neuromuscular diseases may explain challenges of anti-myostatin therapeutic approaches.
    Nat Commun · 2017 Nov 30 · PMID 29192144 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Increasing Skeletal Muscle Mass in Mice by Non-Invasive Intramuscular Delivery of Myostatin Inhibitory Peptide by Iontophoresis.
    Pharmaceuticals (Basel) · 2023 Mar 6 · PMID 36986496 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Lack of myostatin impairs mechanical performance and ATP cost of contraction in exercising mouse gastrocnemius muscle in vivo.
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab · 2013 Jul 1 · PMID 23632633 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Locally acting ACE-083 increases muscle volume in healthy volunteers.
    Muscle Nerve · 2018 Jun · PMID 29486514 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Myostatin Inhibitory D‑Peptides Induce Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy along with Alteration of Bioactive Sphingolipid Metabolism.
    ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci · 2026 Jun 12 · PMID 42312157 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Myostatin is a key mediator between energy metabolism and endurance capacity of skeletal muscle.
    Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol · 2014 Aug 15 · PMID 24965795 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Novel exenatide analogs with peptidic albumin binding domains: potent anti-diabetic agents with extended duration of action.
    PLoS One · 2014 · PMID 24503632 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Randomized Phase 2 Study of ACE-083 in Patients With Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease.
    Neurology · 2022 Jun 6 · PMID 35545446 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. Randomized phase 2 study of ACE-083, a muscle-promoting agent, in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
    Muscle Nerve · 2022 Jul · PMID 35428982 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. The Inhibitory Core of the Myostatin Prodomain: Its Interaction with Both Type I and II Membrane Receptors, and Potential to Treat Muscle Atrophy.
    PLoS One · 2015 · PMID 26226340 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MID-35 vs FLGR242: Two Routes to MSTN Inhibition. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

MOTS-c · 12 papers

  1. Are serum MOTS-c levels and MOTS-c m.1382A>C polymorphism related to polycystic ovary syndrome?
    Arch Endocrinol Metab · 2026 Apr 7 · PMID 41945630 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Circulating levels of MOTS-c in patients with breast cancer treated with metformin.
    Aging (Albany NY) · 2022 Dec 6 · PMID 36490309 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Exercise-Induced Muscle-Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging.
    Pharmaceuticals (Basel) · 2025 Aug 19 · PMID 40872612 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Humanin and MOTS-c Attenuate Atrial Fibrillation by Suppressing Fibrosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction.
    Biomedicines · 2026 May 5 · PMID 42193373 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Insights into the Biomarker Potential of Humanin and Mots-c Expression and Telomere Length in Alzheimer's Disease.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2025 Nov 9 · PMID 41303353 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Lipids and insulin regulate mitochondrial-derived peptide (MOTS-c) in PCOS and healthy subjects.
    Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) · 2019 Aug · PMID 31066084 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. MOTS-c in type 2 diabetes mellitus: From risk factors to cardiac complications and potential treatment.
    Life Sci · 2025 Dec 1 · PMID 41083123 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c: effects and mechanisms related to stress, metabolism and aging.
    J Transl Med · 2023 Jan 20 · PMID 36670507 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c activates metabolic signaling but blunts reparative function in human mesenchymal stromal cells.
    Inflamm Regen · 2026 Jun 22 · PMID 42324588 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Systemic MOTS-c levels are increased in adults with obesity in association with metabolic dysregulation and remain unchanged after weight loss.
    J Clin Transl Endocrinol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41551324 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance.
    Cell Metab · 2015 Mar 3 · PMID 25738459 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. The unexplored Nexus: Mitochondria derived microproteins and Parkinson's disease.
    Pathol Res Pract · 2025 Sep · PMID 40694987 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial 16-Residue Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Mazdutide · 20 papers

  1. A phase 2 randomised controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesity.
    Nat Commun · 2023 Dec 14 · PMID 38092790 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Cardiovascular Effects of Glucagon Receptor Signaling Alone and Combined With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Signaling in Multiagonists: A Narrative Review With a Translational Focus.
    J Am Heart Assoc · 2026 Aug 4 · PMID 42535526 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Comparative effects of drugs for adults with overweight or obesity: systematic review and network meta-analysis.
    BMJ · 2026 Jul 8 · PMID 42419792 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Effect of Oxyntomodulin, Glucagon, GLP-1, and Combined Glucagon +GLP-1 Infusion on Food Intake, Appetite, and Resting Energy Expenditure.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2015 Dec · PMID 26445112 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial.
    Diabetes Care · 2024 Jan 1 · PMID 37943529 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Managing Overweight and Obesity Among Non-Diabetic Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.
    Diabetes Obes Metab · 2026 Jun · PMID 41804840 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. IBI362 (LY3305677), a weekly-dose GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist, in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: A randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose phase 1b study.
    EClinicalMedicine · 2021 Sep · PMID 34430840 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Mazdutide 9 mg in Chinese adults with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2) but without diabetes: A phase 2 randomized controlled trial.
    Med · 2026 May 8 · PMID 41875890 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Mazdutide reduces body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: A high-dose Phase 1 trial.
    Diabetes Obes Metab · 2025 Nov · PMID 40832785 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Mazdutide versus dulaglutide in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes.
    Nature · 2026 Apr · PMID 41407860 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Mazdutide versus placebo in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes.
    Nature · 2026 Apr · PMID 41407859 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Mazdutide, a dual agonist targeting GLP-1R and GCGR, mitigates diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction: mechanistic insights from multi-omics analysis.
    EBioMedicine · 2025 Jul · PMID 40479843 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Mazdutide: First Approval.
    Drugs · 2025 Dec · PMID 41028652 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Multiparametric MRI Evaluation of Liver Fat and Iron after Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor and Glucagon Receptor Dual-Agonist Treatment in a High-Fat Diet-induced Mouse Model.
    Radiology · 2025 Aug · PMID 40828048 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Once-Weekly Mazdutide in Chinese Adults with Obesity or Overweight.
    N Engl J Med · 2025 Jun 12 · PMID 40421736 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. PYY3-36 and oxyntomodulin can be additive in their effect on food intake in overweight and obese humans.
    Diabetes · 2010 Jul · PMID 20357366 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. Renoprotective effects of tubular glucagon receptor activation mediated by V-ATPase.
    Sci Adv · 2026 Aug 7 · PMID 42555719 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  18. Safety and efficacy of a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist mazdutide (IBI362) 9 mg and 10 mg in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: A randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase 1b trial.
    EClinicalMedicine · 2022 Dec · PMID 36247927 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  19. Shared mechanistic pathways of glucagon signalling: Unlocking its potential for treating obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and other cardio-kidney-metabolic conditions.
    Diabetes Obes Metab · 2025 Dec · PMID 41025406 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Citation match unresolved.

  20. Treatment With 9-mg Mazdutide for Weight Reduction in Chinese Adults With Obesity: The GLORY-2 Randomized Clinical Trial.
    JAMA · 2026 Aug 4 · PMID 42251595 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Mazdutide: The Weekly Oxyntomodulin Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Melanotan I · 19 papers

  1. 4-Norleucine, 7-D-phenylalanine-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: a highly potent alpha-melanotropin with ultralong biological activity.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 1980 Oct · PMID 6777774 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. A bioassay for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog afamelanotide in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal · 2013 Mar 5 · PMID 23277150 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. A gel-forming α-MSH analog promotes lasting melanogenesis.
    Eur J Pharmacol · 2023 Nov 5 · PMID 37673364 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Advances in the management of erythropoietic protoporphyria - role of afamelanotide.
    Appl Clin Genet · 2016 · PMID 28003770 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized multicenter trial.
    JAMA Dermatol · 2015 Jan · PMID 25230094 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Afamelanotide for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria.
    N Engl J Med · 2015 Jul 2 · PMID 26132941 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Afamelanotide for prevention of phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria.
    Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol · 2021 Feb · PMID 33507118 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Association of Afamelanotide With Improved Outcomes in Patients With Erythropoietic Protoporphyria in Clinical Practice.
    JAMA Dermatol · 2020 May 1 · PMID 32186677 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Beneficial effects of the melanocortin analogue Nle4-D-Phe7-α-MSH in acne vulgaris.
    J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol · 2014 Jan · PMID 22845050 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Clinical and dermoscopic changes of acquired melanocytic nevi of patients treated with afamelanotide.
    Photochem Photobiol Sci · 2021 Feb · PMID 33721252 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Current trials in erythropoietic protoporphyria: are placebo controls ethical?
    Orphanet J Rare Dis · 2023 Oct 16 · PMID 37845740 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Discovery of MT-7117 (Dersimelagon Phosphoric Acid): A Novel, Potent, Selective, and Nonpeptidic Orally Available Melanocortin 1 Receptor Agonist.
    J Med Chem · 2024 Dec 26 · PMID 39641249 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Identification and characterization by LC-UV-MS/MS of melanotan II skin-tanning products sold illegally on the Internet.
    Drug Test Anal · 2015 Feb · PMID 24771717 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Long-term observational study of afamelanotide in 115 patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.
    Br J Dermatol · 2015 Jun · PMID 25494545 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Melanogenic effect of dersimelagon (MT-7117), a novel oral melanocortin 1 receptor agonist.
    Skin Health Dis · 2022 Mar · PMID 35665216 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. New pharmacotherapies for the erythropoietic protoporphyrias: an analysis of trial protocols from a patient perspective.
    Orphanet J Rare Dis · 2025 Dec 29 · PMID 41466311 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. Risks of unregulated use of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogues: a review.
    Int J Dermatol · 2017 Oct · PMID 28266027 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  18. Structural mechanism of calcium-mediated hormone recognition and Gβ interaction by the human melanocortin-1 receptor.
    Cell Res · 2021 Oct · PMID 34453129 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  19. Systemic photoprotection in solar urticaria with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogue [Nle4-D-Phe7]-α-MSH.
    Br J Dermatol · 2011 Feb · PMID 20969564 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan I: The Linear NDP-alpha-MSH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Melanotan II · 14 papers

  1. Anatomical dissociation of melanocortin receptor agonist effects on taste- and gut-sensitive feeding processes.
    Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol · 2011 Oct · PMID 21734020 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Development of Ligand-Drug Conjugates Targeting Melanoma through the Overexpressed Melanocortin 1 Receptor.
    ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci · 2020 Oct 9 · PMID 33073191 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Eruptive Melanocytic Nevi: A Review.
    Am J Clin Dermatol · 2019 Oct · PMID 31119650 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Erythropoietic protoporphyrias: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management.
    Liver Int · 2025 Jan · PMID 39011756 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
    Obstet Gynecol · 2019 Nov · PMID 31599847 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Melanocortin receptor activation alleviates amyloid pathology and glial reactivity in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model.
    Sci Rep · 2021 Feb 23 · PMID 33623128 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan II.
    Int J Impot Res · 2000 Oct · PMID 11035391 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysis.
    Clin Toxicol (Phila) · 2012 Dec · PMID 23121206 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Melanotan II: a possible cause of renal infarction: review of the literature and case report.
    CEN Case Rep · 2020 May · PMID 31953620 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Melanotan and the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
    Ann Intern Med · 2013 May 7 · PMID 23648958 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Melanotan-induced priapism: a hard-earned tan.
    BMJ Case Rep · 2019 Feb 21 · PMID 30796078 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. The unregulated use of melanotan-II is of public health interest to Australian dermatologists.
    Australas J Dermatol · 2017 Nov · PMID 28905366 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Topical MTII Therapy Suppresses Melanoma Through PTEN Upregulation and Cyclooxygenase II Inhibition.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2020 Jan 20 · PMID 31968661 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. [The risks of tanning with the Barbie drug].
    Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd · 2022 May 19 · PMID 35736369 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Melanotan II: The Cyclic Heptapeptide Agonist. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

Oxytocin · 17 papers

  1. Bivalent ligands targeting oxytocin receptor homodimers selectively activate distinct G protein and β-arrestin pathways.
    Biochem Pharmacol · 2026 May · PMID 41707738 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Carbetocin is a Functional Selective Gq Agonist That Does Not Promote Oxytocin Receptor Recycling After Inducing β-Arrestin-Independent Internalisation.
    J Neuroendocrinol · 2016 Apr · PMID 26751410 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Crystal structure of the human oxytocin receptor.
    Sci Adv · 2020 Jul · PMID 32832646 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Deciphering the specific role of G(αi/o) isoforms: functional selective oxytocin ligands and somatostatin SST5 receptor mutants.
    Biochem Soc Trans · 2013 Feb 1 · PMID 23356278 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Design and Characterization of Superpotent Bivalent Ligands Targeting Oxytocin Receptor Dimers via a Channel-Like Structure.
    J Med Chem · 2016 Aug 11 · PMID 27420737 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Dual Pathways Coupled to Oxytocin Molecular Signals in Cultured Astrocytes.
    Cells · 2026 May 21 · PMID 42193958 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Intranasal Oxytocin: Myths and Delusions.
    Biol Psychiatry · 2016 Feb 1 · PMID 26049207 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Measuring Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Bioassays, Immunoassays and Random Numbers.
    J Neuroendocrinol · 2016 Oct · PMID 27467712 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Mice heterozygous for the oxytocin receptor gene (Oxtr(+/-)) show impaired social behaviour but not increased aggression or cognitive inflexibility: evidence of a selective haploinsufficiency gene effect.
    J Neuroendocrinol · 2013 Feb · PMID 22967062 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Oxytocin receptors within the caudal lateral septum regulate social approach-avoidance, long-term social discrimination, and anxiety-like behaviors in adult male and female rats.
    Neuropharmacology · 2025 Jun 15 · PMID 40074168 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Oxytocin-a social peptide? Deconstructing the evidence.
    Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci · 2022 Aug 29 · PMID 35858110 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Preclinical Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Heat Stable Oxytocin in Sublingual Fast-Dissolving Tablet Formulation.
    Pharmaceutics · 2022 Apr 28 · PMID 35631541 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Selective and potent agonists and antagonists for investigating the role of mouse oxytocin receptors.
    J Pharmacol Exp Ther · 2013 Aug · PMID 23723434 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Structure and expression of a human oxytocin receptor.
    Nature · 1992 Apr 9 · PMID 1313946 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Structure-function relationships of the disease-linked A218T oxytocin receptor variant.
    Mol Psychiatry · 2022 Feb · PMID 34980886 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. The Peptide Oxytocin Antagonist F-792, When Given Systemically, Does Not Act Centrally in Lactating Rats.
    J Neuroendocrinol · 2016 Apr · PMID 26497634 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. The effect of D-(+)-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and tetraethylene glycol on the stability of oxytocin in aqueous solution.
    Pharmazie · 2021 Oct 1 · PMID 34620274 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Oxytocin: The Unbiased Reference Agonist in a Contested Literature. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

PT-141 · 20 papers

  1. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
    Expert Opin Pharmacother · 2023 Jan · PMID 36242769 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial.
    Womens Health (Lond) · 2016 Jun · PMID 27181790 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.
    Obstet Gynecol · 2019 Nov · PMID 31599840 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Bremelanotide: First Approval.
    Drugs · 2019 Sep · PMID 31429064 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
    Ann Pharmacother · 2020 Jul · PMID 31893927 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials.
    Diabetes Obes Metab · 2022 Jun · PMID 35170192 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study.
    Life Sci · 1996 · PMID 8637402 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
    Neuropharmacology · 2025 Apr 1 · PMID 39793696 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Goldilocks-Inspired Design of Mid-Size Macrocycles for Selective Targeting of Human Melanocortin Receptors.
    J Med Chem · 2026 Aug 13 · PMID 42340853 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Ligands for Melanocortin Receptors: Beyond Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones and Adrenocorticotropin.
    Biomolecules · 2022 Oct 1 · PMID 36291616 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
    Obstet Gynecol · 2019 Nov · PMID 31599847 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Bremelanotide Induces Cell Death and Growth Inhibition in Glioblastoma Cells via Suppression of Survivin Expression.
    Anticancer Res · 2024 Sep · PMID 39197897 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Melanocortin receptor agonists in the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunctions: results from basic research and clinical studies.
    Expert Opin Investig Drugs · 2014 Nov · PMID 25096243 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Prespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from the RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies of Bremelanotide.
    J Womens Health (Larchmt) · 2022 Mar · PMID 35230162 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program.
    J Womens Health (Larchmt) · 2022 Feb · PMID 35147466 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. Structural insights into ligand recognition and activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor.
    Cell Res · 2021 Nov · PMID 34433901 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. Structure reveals the activation mechanism of the MC4 receptor to initiate satiation signaling.
    Science · 2021 May 21 · PMID 33858992 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  18. Targeting the central melanocortin system for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
    Nat Rev Endocrinol · 2023 Sep · PMID 37365323 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  19. The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.
    CNS Spectr · 2022 Jun · PMID 33455598 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  20. Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide.
    J Hypertens · 2017 Apr · PMID 27977473 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Solved Structure and an Open Mechanism. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

SAR441255 · 9 papers

  1. A new GLP1, GIP and glucagon receptor triagonist.
    Nat Rev Endocrinol · 2022 Mar · PMID 34992235 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in SAR441255: The Balanced Triagonist That Was Shelved Before Its Data Was Published. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. A rationally designed monomeric peptide triagonist corrects obesity and diabetes in rodents.
    Nat Med · 2015 Jan · PMID 25485909 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in SAR441255: The Balanced Triagonist That Was Shelved Before Its Data Was Published. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Drug Occupancy Assessment at the Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor by Positron Emission Tomography.
    Diabetes · 2021 Apr · PMID 33547046 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in SAR441255: The Balanced Triagonist That Was Shelved Before Its Data Was Published. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Effects on weight loss and glycemic control with SAR441255, a potent unimolecular peptide GLP-1/GIP/GCG receptor triagonist.
    Cell Metab · 2022 Jan 4 · PMID 34932984 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in SAR441255: The Balanced Triagonist That Was Shelved Before Its Data Was Published. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor triagonism gets its try in humans.
    Cell Metab · 2022 Jan 4 · PMID 34986336 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in SAR441255: The Balanced Triagonist That Was Shelved Before Its Data Was Published. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept.
    Mol Metab · 2018 Dec · PMID 30473097 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in SAR441255: The Balanced Triagonist That Was Shelved Before Its Data Was Published. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Positron emission tomography to assess drug occupancy at peripheral and central incretin receptors.
    EBioMedicine · 2025 Dec · PMID 41274021 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in SAR441255: The Balanced Triagonist That Was Shelved Before Its Data Was Published. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Potential of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor/glucagon receptor triagonist for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
    J Diabetes Investig · 2022 Dec · PMID 36039895 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in SAR441255: The Balanced Triagonist That Was Shelved Before Its Data Was Published. Citation match unresolved.

  9. Running on mixed fuel-dual agonistic approach of GLP-1 and GCG receptors leads to beneficial impact on body weight and blood glucose control: A comparative study between mice and non-human primates.
    Diabetes Obes Metab · 2018 Aug · PMID 29938884 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in SAR441255: The Balanced Triagonist That Was Shelved Before Its Data Was Published. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Selank · 12 papers

  1. Effect of Selank on Morphological Parameters of Rat Liver in Chronic Foot-Shock Stress.
    Bull Exp Biol Med · 2019 Jun · PMID 31243679 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects.
    Dokl Biol Sci · 2020 Jan · PMID 32342318 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  3. GABA, Selank, and Olanzapine Affect the Expression of Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission in IMR-32 Cells.
    Front Pharmacol · 2017 · PMID 28293190 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission.
    Front Pharmacol · 2016 · PMID 26924987 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Selank Inhibits Ethanol-Induced Hyperlocomotion and Manifestation of Behavioral Sensitization in DBA/2 Mice.
    Bull Exp Biol Med · 2016 Nov · PMID 27878720 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Selank and its metabolites maintain homeostasis in the gastric mucosa.
    Bull Exp Biol Med · 2007 Jan · PMID 18019011 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Selank, Peptide Analogue of Tuftsin, Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulating of BDNF Content in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex in Rats.
    Bull Exp Biol Med · 2019 Sep · PMID 31625062 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats.
    Bull Exp Biol Med · 2022 Oct · PMID 36322304 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. The temporary dynamics of inflammation-related genes expression under tuftsin analog Selank action.
    Mol Immunol · 2014 Mar · PMID 24291245 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.
    J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev · 2026 Jan 1 · PMID 41490200 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. [Comparison of anticoagulant effects of regulatory proline-containing oligopeptides. Specificity of glyprolines, semax, and selank and potential of their practical application].
    Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol · 2006 Mar-Apr · PMID 16634437 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. [Semax and selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum]].
    Bioorg Khim · 2001 May-Jun · PMID 11443939 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Selank: A Tuftsin Analogue and the Evidence Behind the GABA Claim. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Semax · 17 papers

  1. Antidepressant-like and antistress effects of the ACTH(4-10) synthetic analogs Semax and Melanotan II on male rats in a model of chronic unpredictable stress.
    Eur J Pharmacol · 2024 Dec 5 · PMID 39442746 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Degradation of ACTH/MSH(4-10) and its synthetic analog semax by rat serum enzymes: an inhibitor study.
    Peptides · 1993 May-Jun · PMID 8392718 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Entry of the synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogue into the rat brain following intravenous injection.
    Neurosci Lett · 1991 Jun 10 · PMID 1652713 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Influence of the N-terminus acetylation of Semax, a synthetic analog of ACTH(4-10), on copper(II) and zinc(II) coordination and biological properties.
    J Inorg Biochem · 2016 Nov · PMID 27586814 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Peptides semax and selank affect the behavior of rats with 6-OHDA induced PD-like parkinsonism.
    Dokl Biol Sci · 2017 May · PMID 28702721 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Rapid induction of neurotrophin mRNAs in rat glial cell cultures by Semax, an adrenocorticotropic hormone analog.
    Neurosci Lett · 2001 Aug 3 · PMID 11457573 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemia.
    Cell Mol Neurobiol · 2010 Jan · PMID 19633950 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Semax peptide targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice.
    Br J Pharmacol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40692165 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Semax, a Synthetic Regulatory Peptide, Affects Copper-Induced Abeta Aggregation and Amyloid Formation in Artificial Membrane Models.
    ACS Chem Neurosci · 2022 Feb 16 · PMID 35080861 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Semax, an ACTH4-10 peptide analog with high affinity for copper(II) ion and protective ability against metal induced cell toxicity.
    J Inorg Biochem · 2015 Jan · PMID 25310602 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus.
    Brain Res · 2006 Oct 30 · PMID 16996037 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain.
    J Neurochem · 2006 Apr · PMID 16635254 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. The effect of Semax and its C-end peptide PGP on the morphology and proliferative activity of rat brain cells during experimental ischemia: a pilot study.
    J Mol Neurosci · 2011 Oct · PMID 20617398 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. The neuroprotective effects of Semax in conditions of MPTP-induced lesions of the brain dopaminergic system.
    Neurosci Behav Physiol · 2004 May · PMID 15341218 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis.
    BMC Genomics · 2014 Mar 24 · PMID 24661604 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. [The effect of semax and its C-end peptide PGP on Vegfa gene expression in the rat brain during incomplete global ischemia].
    Mol Biol (Mosk) · 2013 May-Jun · PMID 23888777 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. [The efficacy of semax in the tretament of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke].
    Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova · 2018 · PMID 29798983 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Semax: The Tail Added for Stability Does Some of the Work. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Sermorelin · 14 papers

  1. Analogues of growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29) amide containing the reduced peptide bond isostere in the N-terminal region.
    J Med Chem · 1990 Jul · PMID 2141879 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Does growth hormone releasing factor desensitize the somatotroph? Interpretation of responses of growth hormone during and after 10-hour infusion of GRF 1-29 amide in man.
    Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) · 1986 Feb · PMID 2871948 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Effects of growth hormone–releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: results of a controlled trial.
    Arch Neurol · 2012 Nov · PMID 22869065 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Effects of long-term growth hormone releasing hormone 1-29 in significantly short children.
    Acta Paediatr · 1995 Jun · PMID 7670244 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Growth hormone-releasing hormone effects on brain γ-aminobutyric acid levels in mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging.
    JAMA Neurol · 2013 Jul · PMID 23689947 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog.
    Endocrinology · 2005 Jul · PMID 15817669 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Incorporation of D-Ala2 in growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 increases the half-life and decreases metabolic clearance in normal men.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 1994 Oct · PMID 7962295 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. New analogs of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (1-29) with high and prolonged antagonistic activity.
    J Pept Res · 1998 Feb · PMID 9516049 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. Geref International Study Group.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 1996 Mar · PMID 8772599 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Pharmacokinetics of growth hormone-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 and stimulation of growth hormone secretion in healthy subjects after intravenous or intranasal administration.
    Acta Paediatr Suppl · 1993 Mar · PMID 8329825 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency.
    BioDrugs · 1999 Aug · PMID 18031173 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Super-active analogs of growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)-amide.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun · 1984 Feb 29 · PMID 6231028 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. The relative roles of continuous growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH(1-29)NH2) and intermittent somatostatin(1-14)(SS) in growth hormone (GH) pulse generation: studies in normal and post cranial irradiated individuals.
    Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) · 1999 Nov · PMID 10594518 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Treatment of growth-hormone deficiency with growth-hormone-releasing hormone.
    Lancet · 1987 Jan 3 · PMID 2879138 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Amide Identity. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Survodutide · 15 papers

  1. A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Survodutide in MASH and Fibrosis.
    N Engl J Med · 2024 Jul 25 · PMID 38847460 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Baseline characteristics in the SYNCHRONIZE™-2 randomized phase 3 trial of survodutide, a glucagon receptor/GLP-1 receptor dual agonist, for obesity in people with type 2 diabetes.
    Diabetes Obes Metab · 2026 Feb · PMID 41216778 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Dose-response effects on HbA(1c) and bodyweight reduction of survodutide, a dual glucagon/GLP-1 receptor agonist, compared with placebo and open-label semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial.
    Diabetologia · 2024 Mar · PMID 38095657 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Effect of survodutide, a glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist, on weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Diabetol Metab Syndr · 2024 Nov 6 · PMID 39508238 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of survodutide, a glucagon/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonist, in cirrhosis.
    J Hepatol · 2024 Nov · PMID 38857788 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial.
    Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol · 2024 Mar · PMID 38330987 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  7. Oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and combinations of entero-pancreatic hormones as treatments for adults with type 2 diabetes: where are we now?
    Expert Opin Pharmacother · 2024 May · PMID 38753454 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Perspectives in weight control in diabetes - Survodutide.
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract · 2024 Jan · PMID 37330144 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Review Article: GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Glucagon/GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Dual or Triple Agonists-Mechanism of Action and Emerging Therapeutic Landscape in MASLD.
    Aliment Pharmacol Ther · 2025 Jun · PMID 40364529 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Survodutide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Adults with Obesity.
    N Engl J Med · 2026 Aug 20 · PMID 42253238 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  11. Survodutide for the Treatment of Obesity Disease in Japanese Participants: Rationale, Design and Baseline Characteristics of the Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-JP Trial.
    Diabetes Obes Metab · 2026 Aug · PMID 42219222 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Survodutide for the Treatment of Obesity: Rationale and Design of the SYNCHRONIZE Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial.
    JACC Heart Fail · 2024 Dec · PMID 39453356 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Survodutide in adults with obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.
    Nat Med · 2026 Aug · PMID 42252333 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Survodutide: A Dual GLP-1/Glucagon Agonist Reshaping Cardiometabolic Care.
    Cardiol Rev · 2025 Sep 18 · PMID 40963161 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. The dual GCGR/GLP-1R agonist survodutide: Biomarkers and pharmacological profiling for clinical candidate selection.
    Diabetes Obes Metab · 2024 Jun · PMID 38560764 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Survodutide: The 29-Residue Glucagon Dual Agonist. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

TB-500 · 19 papers

  1. Adsorption effects of the doping relevant peptides Insulin Lispro, Synachten, TB-500 and GHRP 5.
    Anal Biochem · 2017 Nov 15 · PMID 28887173 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Alkaline Phosphatase-Triggered Spatiotemporal Repair of Corneal Injury with TB500 Peptide Hydrogel.
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces · 2025 Dec 17 · PMID 41359360 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences.
    FASEB J · 2010 Jul · PMID 20179146 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Comparison of various in vitro model systems of the metabolism of synthetic doping peptides: Proteolytic enzymes, human blood serum, liver and kidney microsomes and liver S9 fraction.
    J Proteomics · 2016 Oct 21 · PMID 27569051 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
    J Chromatogr A · 2012 Nov 23 · PMID 23084823 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Doping control analysis of seven bioactive peptides in horse plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
    Anal Bioanal Chem · 2013 Mar · PMID 23318763 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study.
    Jt Dis Relat Surg · 2026 Jul 23 · PMID 42542926 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Loss of endogenous thymosin β(4) accelerates glomerular disease.
    Kidney Int · 2016 Nov · PMID 27575556 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.
    Sports Med · 2026 Aug · PMID 41966639 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro.
    J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci · 2024 Mar 1 · PMID 38382158 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential.
    Drug Test Anal · 2012 Sep · PMID 22962027 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2022 Oct 31 · PMID 36362069 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP is released from thymosin-β4 by renal meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase.
    Am J Physiol Renal Physiol · 2016 May 15 · PMID 26962108 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice.
    Wound Repair Regen · 2003 Jan-Feb · PMID 12581423 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Thymosin beta 4: An emerging therapeutic candidate for kidney diseases.
    Peptides · 2026 Jan · PMID 41570941 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. Thymosin β 4 gene silencing decreases stemness and invasiveness in glioblastoma.
    Brain · 2014 Feb · PMID 24355709 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing.
    Vitam Horm · 2016 · PMID 27450738 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  18. Thymosin β4 and its degradation product, Ac-SDKP, are novel reparative factors in renal fibrosis.
    Kidney Int · 2013 Dec · PMID 23739235 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  19. Thymosin β4 inhibits PDGF-BB induced activation, proliferation, and migration of human hepatic stellate cells via its actin-binding domain.
    Expert Opin Biol Ther · 2018 Jul · PMID 30063851 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Are Not the Same Molecule. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Tesamorelin · 24 papers

  1. A placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of a growth hormone releasing factor in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation.
    AIDS · 2005 Aug 12 · PMID 16052083 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Drug evaluation: tesamorelin, a synthetic human growth hormone releasing factor.
    Curr Opin Investig Drugs · 2006 Oct · PMID 17086939 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Effect of tesamorelin in people with HIV with and without dorsocervical fat: Post hoc analysis of phase III double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
    J Clin Transl Sci · 2023 · PMID 36845310 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial.
    JAMA · 2014 Jul 23-30 · PMID 25038357 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Effects of Tesamorelin on Neurocognitive Impairment in Persons With HIV and Abdominal Obesity.
    J Infect Dis · 2025 Jun 2 · PMID 39813152 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Effects of growth hormone–releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: results of a controlled trial.
    Arch Neurol · 2012 Nov · PMID 22869065 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2010 Sep · PMID 20554713 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Effects of tesamorelin on hepatic transcriptomic signatures in HIV-associated NAFLD.
    JCI Insight · 2020 Aug 20 · PMID 32701508 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Effects of tesamorelin on inflammatory markers in HIV patients with excess abdominal fat: relationship with visceral adipose reduction.
    AIDS · 2011 Jun 19 · PMID 21516030 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial.
    Lancet HIV · 2019 Dec · PMID 31611038 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor, in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a safety extension.
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · 2010 Mar · PMID 20101189 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Efficacy and safety of tesamorelin in people with HIV on integrase inhibitors.
    AIDS · 2024 Oct 1 · PMID 38905488 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Impact of Tesamorelin, a Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (GRF) Analogue, on the Pharmacokinetics of Simvastatin and Ritonavir in Healthy Volunteers.
    Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev · 2013 Jul · PMID 27121785 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  14. Kinetics of dipeptidyl peptidase IV proteolysis of growth hormone-releasing factor and analogs.
    Biochim Biophys Acta · 1992 Jul 31 · PMID 1353684 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  15. Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation.
    AIDS · 2008 Sep 12 · PMID 18690162 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  16. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV.
    N Engl J Med · 2007 Dec 6 · PMID 18057338 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  17. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tesamorelin in HIV-infected patients and healthy subjects.
    Clin Pharmacokinet · 2015 Mar · PMID 25358450 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  18. Predictors of Treatment Response to Tesamorelin, a Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor Analog, in HIV-Infected Patients with Excess Abdominal Fat.
    PLoS One · 2015 · PMID 26457580 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  19. Reduction in visceral adiposity is associated with an improved metabolic profile in HIV-infected patients receiving tesamorelin.
    Clin Infect Dis · 2012 Jun · PMID 22495074 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  20. Tesamorelin improves fat quality independent of changes in fat quantity.
    AIDS · 2021 Jul 15 · PMID 33756511 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  21. Tesamorelin: a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue for HIV-associated lipodystrophy.
    Ann Pharmacother · 2012 Feb · PMID 22298602 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  22. The Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Analogue, Tesamorelin, Decreases Muscle Fat and Increases Muscle Area in Adults with HIV.
    J Frailty Aging · 2019 · PMID 31237318 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  23. The effects of tesamorelin on phosphocreatine recovery in obese subjects with reduced GH.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab · 2014 Jan · PMID 24178787 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  24. Visceral fat reduction with tesamorelin is associated with improved liver enzymes in HIV.
    AIDS · 2017 Oct 23 · PMID 28832410 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Tesamorelin: The trans-3-Hexenoyl GHRH Analogue. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

Thymosin Alpha-1 · 12 papers

  1. Combination of entecavir with thymosin alpha-1 in HBV-related compensated cirrhosis: a prospective multicenter randomized open-label study.
    Expert Opin Biol Ther · 2018 Jul · PMID 30063860 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Effect of thymosin α1 on Immune response and organ function in acute aortic dissection surgery: PANDA II trial protocol.
    Future Cardiol · 2025 Jun · PMID 40367062 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Efficacy of Thymosin α1 in Management of Radiation Pneumonitis in Patients With Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial (GASTO-1043).
    Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys · 2022 Nov 1 · PMID 35870709 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Efficacy of thymosin α1 for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Front Cell Infect Microbiol · 2025 · PMID 40969554 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with a PD-1 inhibitor, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and thymosin-α1 in advanced metastatic solid tumors: a multicenter Phase II clinical trial.
    Cancer Immunol Immunother · 2025 Feb 4 · PMID 39904914 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment.
    Vitam Horm · 2016 · PMID 27450734 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  7. Immune-Enhancing Treatment among Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis Patients with Metabolic Abnormalities: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.
    Gut Liver · 2024 Sep 15 · PMID 38356344 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trial.
    BMC Med · 2026 Feb 26 · PMID 41749205 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. Safety and efficacy of Thymosin α1 in the treatment of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial.
    Hepatol Int · 2022 Aug · PMID 35616850 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. The efficacy of thymosin α1 as immunomodulatory treatment for sepsis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
    BMC Infect Dis · 2016 Sep 15 · PMID 27633969 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Thymosin alpha 1 in the prevention of infected pancreatic necrosis following acute necrotising pancreatitis (TRACE trial): protocol of a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial.
    BMJ Open · 2020 Sep 29 · PMID 32994239 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci · 2007 Sep · PMID 17600290 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in Thymosin Alpha-1: A 28-Residue Acetylated Immune Peptide. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

VIP · 13 papers

  1. A Clinical Approach for the Use of VIP Axis in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases.
    Int J Mol Sci · 2019 Dec 20 · PMID 31861827 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  2. Brief Report: Rapid Clinical Recovery From Critical Coronavirus Disease 2019 With Respiratory Failure in a Pregnant Patient Treated With IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide.
    Crit Care Explor · 2022 Jan · PMID 35018346 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  3. Different Roles for VIP Neurons in the Neonatal and Adult Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.
    J Biol Rhythms · 2020 Oct · PMID 32536240 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  4. Intracavernosal injection of aviptadil and phentolamine for refractory erectile dysfunction.
    J Sex Med · 2025 May 10 · PMID 40192471 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  5. Intravenous aviptadil and remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19-associated hypoxaemic respiratory failure in the USA (TESICO): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
    Lancet Respir Med · 2023 Sep · PMID 37348524 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  6. Medical therapy of VIPomas.
    Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am · 1989 Jun · PMID 2545444 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Inline citation: reference title was not compared.

  7. Peptide histidine valine: its haemodynamic actions and pharmacokinetics in man differ from those of vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine methionine.
    Clin Sci (Lond) · 1990 May · PMID 2162275 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  8. Polypeptide with broad biological activity: isolation from small intestine.
    Science · 1970 Sep 18 · PMID 5450698 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  9. The Use of IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Aviptadil) in Patients With Critical COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: Results of a 60-Day Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Crit Care Med · 2022 Nov 1 · PMID 36044317 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  10. The VPAC(2) receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei.
    Cell · 2002 May 17 · PMID 12086606 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  11. Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a new drug for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension.
    J Clin Invest · 2003 May · PMID 12727925 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  12. Vasoactive intestinal peptide gene alterations in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
    Eur J Hum Genet · 2007 Jan · PMID 17003842 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

  13. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in man: pharmacokinetics, metabolic and circulatory effects.
    Gut · 1978 Nov · PMID 730072 · Not yet reviewed

    Cited in VIP: One Minute in Plasma, and Two Trials That Disagreed. Reference title matched; study claims remain unreviewed.

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